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Fishing News

It's very important in this pursuit that you full understand various salmon fishing components that are always the difference between success and failure for catching salmon. A professional salmon fishing guide therefore is vital to make sure your tactical approach is perfect.

Learn To Salmon Fish In Scotland

Friday 15 September 2023

It's very important in this pursuit that you full understand various salmon fishing components that are always the difference between success and failure for catching salmon. A professional salmon fishing guide therefore is vital to make sure your tactical approach is perfect.

There's much more to be successful in Scottish salmon fishing than just turning up on a salmon river with a rod and a pair of waders. Know exactly how to cover a salmon pool correctly and how to approach the pool are vital if success is to be achieved. Follow this link to book a professional salmon fishing guide.

 
Friday 22 September 2023

Perfect Scottish Salmon

Salmon fishing in Scotland offers some of the most exciting anywhere in the world as Scotland has a unique 400 salmon river infrastructure and fantastic local hotel accommodation in all river valleys.
Thursday 21 September 2023

Effective Scottish Salmon

There are hundreds of different salmon fly patterns available on the shelves of all fishing tackle shops these days and many have been created by people with little or no professional grounding in the sport. Trust your professional guide's judgement on what pattern to match the prevailing water conditions and exact month of the year.
Wednesday 20 September 2023

Fishing The Scottish Rive

The riverbank scenery on the Scottish salmon rivers is truly immense throughout all of the seasonal fishing months of the year. The river environment really does play a big part in the satisfaction levels of Scottish salmon fishing.
Wednesday 20 September 2023

Catch A Perfect Scottish

Nothing beats the thrill of catching a wild Atlantic salmon on the beautiful rivers of Scotland except for catching a heavyweight version! Big fish like this often appear on the Scottish rivers and are the real highlight of all salmon fisher's careers.
Tuesday 19 September 2023

Learning To Salmon Fish

Tune yourself in to what the effective fishing skills & methods are for success in Scottish salmon fishing. It really is a fascinating business when you apply you mind to what's happening under the waterline and how salmon may be viewing things.
Monday 18 September 2023

Catch A Scottish Salmon

Scotland is indeed blessed with 400 plus salmon rivers that are all relatively close to one another when compared to far distant global destinations. Strategic planning of a Scottish salmon fishing trip itinerary is easy and well worth considering.
Sunday 17 September 2023

The Riverbanks Of The Tay

Look at this for the most perfect shot of natural salmon river brilliance. Put yourself in the picture and feel the energy of the mighty River Tay and with a bit of luck and the right guidance feel the buzz from catching Scotland's most iconic gamefish.
Saturday 16 September 2023

Salmon River Escapism

There's nothing that beats the feeling of getting out into a beautiful Scottish riverbank wilderness in pursuit of the world's most treasured fresh water gamefish. Welcome to Scotland's number one salmon fishing destination the mighty River Tay.
Thursday 14 September 2023

River Tay Salmon Fishing

A big part of success in Scottish salmon fishing is knowing the best seasonally appropriate salmon fishing areas. A professional salmon fishing guide will know exactly where to place you for your best chance of success.
Wednesday 13 September 2023

Catching Scottish Salmon

There's nothing in the natural world that compares to the thrill and excitement of catching a wild Atlantic salmon on one of Scotland's famous salmon rivers.
Tuesday 12 September 2023

Scottish Spring Salmon

The Spring run of salmon that enter the Scottish rivers are indeed the most sought after fish of all. There's little that compares to the cold water battle from a fresh run 'springer' caught on a fly rod and this objective is the target for thousands of visiting Scottish salmon fishers each year.
Monday 11 September 2023

Salmon Fishing Guides In

If you're unfamiliar with Scottish salmon fishing and its many venues it is always going to be advantageous to book a professional Scottish salmon guide to make sure you're covering the river effectively and optimally.
Sunday 10 September 2023

Catching Scottish Salmon

There's a huge sense in satisfaction from catching a pristine Scottish salmon on the fly such as this fine specimen here. This experience really has to be experienced to be fully appreciated. Booking a professional salmon guide will greatly assist you in hitting this objective.
Saturday 9 September 2023

Early Morning On the Rive

There's amazing natural beauty to be witnessed on all Scottish salmon rivers throughout the full course of the fishing day. Personally I've always loved watching the river at dawn and dusk before the busy salmon fishing day commences as the tranquility during these times is truly amazing.
Friday 8 September 2023

Booking River Tay Salmon

The best most productive River Tay salmon fishing hot spots require early booking as all Tay venues only offer 4 to 6 daily salmon fishing permits to visiting guests. With this fact in mind booking early is essential to secure the best salmon fishing venues and pools.
Thursday 7 September 2023

Salmon Fly Selection

If you're new to Scottish salmon fishing and have rightfully booked a professional Scottish salmon fishing guide to navigate you to the salmon river hots spots and be sure to also let him advise you on which salmon fly patterns are most effective to use.
Wednesday 6 September 2023

Scottish Salmon River Bri

There's nothing better than watching the early morning mist come off Scotland's most famous salmon fishing destination prior to a day out in hot pursuit of its amazing sub surface inhabitants.
Tuesday 5 September 2023

Salmon Fishing On The Riv

The River Tay is indeed Scotland's number 1 flagship salmon fishing destination for many good reasons. Other than the Tay's huge loch fed headwaters that maintain stable water conditions the Tay is also over 100 miles long and has many individual salmon fishing beats which are largely accessible throughout the fishing season.
Monday 4 September 2023

Fishing The Fabulous Rive

Here's a fine shot of the River Tay with its dark swirling mysterious waters that can lure anglers from all across the globe. The Tay is indeed Scotland's flagship salmon river and always has sufficient water due to its massive loch fed headwater catchment also making it the best bet for fresh run fish.
Sunday 3 September 2023

Where Salmon Rivers Meet

The confluence of the River Tay & Tummel has always been a hot spot for catching salmon as are any areas where 2 rivers meet. This particular River Tay hot spot is especially productive during the Spring months.
Saturday 2 September 2023

Fishing On The River Tay

There's nothing I've ever seen in the natural world that compares to the thrill & buzz of a close up encounter with a heavy weight Atlantic salmon after the adrenalin inducing thrill of battle.
Friday 1 September 2023

Perth On The River Tay

Scotland's main salmon river valleys are blessed with some fantastic towns and few more so than on the River Tay where Perth is located. This easily walk about Perthshire town has real character and many amenities for visiting salmon fishers and their families.
Thursday 31 August 2023

Perfect River Tay Spring

There's nothing that compares to the sheer natural beauty of a fresh run Scottish Spring salmon. This is the best time now to be identifying your Spring salmon fishing dates as the Spring months are the most in demand these days due to the presence of these fine fish.
Wednesday 30 August 2023

Catching Big Scottish Sal

There are certain times during the extensive Scottish salmon fishing season where there's a reasonable daily chance of connecting with a heavyweight Scottish salmon. For me personally the months of February, March & October were the best months for expecting a heavyweight to make an appearance and often over the years that would be the case.
Tuesday 29 August 2023

Book A River Tay Fishing

Of all the big Scottish salmon rivers the River Tay is the most reliable Scottish river for good fishable water levels and fishing access. The Tay is also located fairly close to the major Scottish hubs of Edinburgh & Glasgow.
Monday 28 August 2023

River Tay Spring Fishing

The River Tay represents one of Scotland's very best Spring salmon fishing locations especially during the months of April & May. This perfect fish was caught on the last pool of the River Tummel which is a 'no-brainer' as many salmon ascend the River Tummel during the Spring months.
Sunday 27 August 2023

Salmon Fishing The River

The River Tay is one of many Scottish salmon rivers that have amazing natural beauty and consistent runs of salmon throughout the long Scottish salmon fishing season.
Friday 25 August 2023

Spring Salmon Perfection

Placing one of these fine creations at your boots in a landing net is no easy achievement. It takes good skill and plenty patience for this to happen so let one of our professional Scottish salmon guides show you the correct tactical approaches to ensure you succeed.
Thursday 24 August 2023

Real River Tay Beauty

All of Scotland's finest salmon rivers have their own type of individual magic however none more so than the beautiful River Tay in Perthshire. This famous Scottish river is widely regarded as one of the most reliable rivers for salmon and good fishable water conditions.
Wednesday 23 August 2023

River Tay Salmon Fishing

The mighty River Tay is Scotland's longest salmon river at 117 miles and the deepest too. The Tay's headwaters have many huge lochs which feed the river with consistent fishable water levels. There are also several big tributary rivers that flow into the Tay making her a truly unique Scottish salmon fishing proposition.
Tuesday 22 August 2023

The Amazing Beauty Of Roy

Salmon fishing on the River Dee is one of Scotland's most exciting salmon fishing experiences.
Monday 21 August 2023

Fishing For Salmon In Sco

Catching River Tay salmon is a fantastic thing to achieve for your fishing CV as this is Scotland's biggest and most famous big fish river.
Sunday 20 August 2023

River Tay Salmon Pools

There's always a great chance of salmon holding in the tail of a salmon pool and especially in areas where there's fast turbulent water in the immediate downstream area. This is one such perfect example on a classic middle River Tay salmon beat.
Saturday 19 August 2023

Scottish River Magnificen

Nothing compares in the natural world to being immersed in Mother Nature's perfect surroundings that prevail along the riverbanks of Scotland's famous salmon rivers. Add into the mix the chance of a close up inspection of God's finest marine creation and what more could you ask for.
Friday 18 August 2023

Fresh Run Scottish Salmon

Here's another perfect example of what a fresh run Scottish salmon looks like after a successfully thought out riverbank tactical approach. Even the best pictures however don't let you feel the heart racing thrill of this fine riverbank moment.
Thursday 17 August 2023

Fishing The Tay Near Dunk

There are some amazing middle Tay salmon beats within the immediate area close to the Perthshire town of Dunkeld. This renowned fishing area on the Tay has always been popular through all the months of the Tay's extensive salmon fishing season.
Wednesday 16 August 2023

Fishing The Tay At Dunkel

The Scottish salmon rivers have some of the most fantastic natural scenery that is scattered with significant historic landmarks such is the case here on the River Tay at Dunkeld.
Tuesday 15 August 2023

Beautiful River Tay Salmo

Here's a fine example of what a fresh run River Tay salmon looks like. This particular fish was caught during late Spring near the mouth of the River Tummel. River Tummel salmon are renowned for their perfect thick set build as you can clearly see here.
Monday 14 August 2023

Guided River Tay Salmon F

Looks at this picture for salmon fishing pool perfection. This is the Ash Tree Pool on the famous Lower Kinnaird salmon beat of the Tay which is one of many high quality salmon pools our professional salmon guide team host our guests on.
Sunday 13 August 2023

Learn The Traditional Sco

There's nothing more satisfying than empowering a through actioned Spey rod correctly to deliver an elegant fly out across a Scottish salmon river. Learn how to perform this traditional salmon fly fishing cast from one of our top professional salmon fishing instructors.
Saturday 12 August 2023

The Beautiful Middle Rive

The riverbank terrain and general landscapes of the middle River Tay Valley between the Perthshire towns of Pitlochry & Dunkeld are indeed some of the most beautiful in Scotland.
Friday 11 August 2023

The Perfect Salmon Fishin

There's nothing that beats the excitement of catching a fresh run Scottish Spring salmon on the fly during the early months of the salmon fishing season. This perfect fish was one such example that took the fly within a few feet of the riverbank in the high water conditions of early Spring.
Thursday 10 August 2023

Book A Professional Salmo

Don't take a chance on guessing where the often difficult to pinpoint salmon lies are to be found on the Scottish rivers. Book yourself a professional salmon guide who'll take you to all of the appropriate salmon lies in accordance to the daily prevailing water conditions.
Wednesday 9 August 2023

The Perfect Scottish Salm

Here's a shot of a perfect River Tay Spring salmon that was caught on the fly on the middle River Tay near the Perthshire town of Pitlochry. Nothing beats Spring salmon fishing nor the beauty and power of a Spring fish.
Tuesday 8 August 2023

Fishing Trips In Scotland

Look at the fine photograph of the River Tay which is one of Scotland's premier salmon fishing destinations. All of the Scottish salmon rivers have vast amounts of natural beauty & charm.
Sunday 6 August 2023

River Tay Rainbows

The light shows on Scotland's most famous salmon river can certainly be awe inspiring most of the time however I'm always reaching for my camera the moment one of our multi coloured friends appears as the was the case here. I've always felt real natural magic in the air when one of these appears.
Saturday 5 August 2023

River Tay Salmon Fishing

There's some of the very best River Tay salmon fishing to be found in the area between Dunkeld & Pitlochry in the River Tay Valley. These Perthshire towns also have many excellent hotel & B&B accommodation options for visiting salmon anglers.
Thursday 3 August 2023

Catching A Perfect Scotti

Planning your Scottish salmon fishing trip carefully is crucial for optimising your fishing time and chances of success. Don't take advice from back seat drivers and discuss your requirements only with a time served Scottish salmon fishing professional.
Wednesday 2 August 2023

Professional Scottish Sal

In any industry it's important you take your advice and guidance from those who have enough practical experience in their chosen career field. Salmon fishing is no different as there are many who talk the talk without ever having walked the walk.
Tuesday 1 August 2023

River Tummel Spring Fishi

The River Tay has many fine and independently large salmon fishing tributary rivers. The River Tummel is however one of the most renowned when it comes to Spring salmon fishing as the bulk of Tummel salmon show up at that time.
Saturday 29 July 2023

The Beauty Of Scottish Ri

The River Tay Scenery
Thursday 27 July 2023

Salmon Fishing On The Riv

Scotland's famous River Tay is the most perfect Scottish salmon river of all for many good reasons. The Tay's vast and secluded natural riverbanks are one such factor that have to be witnessed to be truly appreciated.
Tuesday 25 July 2023

Salmon Fishing River Hot

Often when fishing Scottish salmon rivers you'll notice little sub surface features that have been intentionally placed there to momentarily stop running salmon. Covering these little hot spots is always wise as often a salmon or two will be present there.
Monday 24 July 2023

Salmon Rivers In Scotland

Here's a lovely Speycasting shot taken from the banks of Scotland's famous River Tay. If you book a professional salmon fishing guide you receive high quality Spey casting and salmon fishing tactical tuition as part of that professional service which will also increase your chances of success.
Thursday 20 July 2023

The Mighty River Tay

The sheer size and width of Scotland's largest salmon river is impressive in its lower reaches as you can clearly see here. The River Tay is indeed a fantastic Scottish salmon river and attracts thousands of dedicated salmon fishers each year to its beautiful riverbanks.
Wednesday 19 July 2023

Scottish Salmon Fishing G

Thousands of international anglers visit Scotland each year in pursuit of our Atlantic salmon and it's no wonder why with over 400 salmon rivers some of which are massively famous on a global scale.
Tuesday 18 July 2023

The Town Of Dunkeld

In the beautiful River Tay Valley there are many popular tourist destination towns. The historic town of Dunkeld is however one of the most picturesque of them all and a firm favourite for visiting salmon fisher's accommodation.
Monday 17 July 2023

Learn The Scottish Spey C

In Scotland the traditional fly fishing cast that we use is called the Spey cast as it was developed on the mainly tree shrouded River Spey. This truly is a remarkable cast which enables a distant fly to be delivered with the fly always staying in front of you which you'd think isn't actually possible.
Saturday 15 July 2023

Learn The Scottish Speyca

Effective Salmon Fishing Tuition
Friday 14 July 2023

Breathtaking River Tay Sc

Book yourself a day out in River Tay paradise via a guided salmon fishing experience with a top professional Tay salmon guide. Your fishing effort on a big river like the Tay needs to be well calculated for a salmon so don't let guesswork ruin your chances of action.
Thursday 13 July 2023

Salmon Fly Fishing Holida

There's nothing that compares to catching a perfect fish like this on a perfect day during early Summer. Many fine fish like this are caught each year on the River Tay between the Perthshire towns of Dunkeld & Pitlochry.
Monday 10 July 2023

Spring Salmon In The Rive

There's many fine Spring salmon in the River Tay during the early less popular Spring months of January, February & March. It's amazing to me that with warmer global temperatures everyone knows about that the vast majority of salmon anglers still wait for the traditionally warmer months of April & May before they go salmon fishing!
Sunday 9 July 2023

Fishing For River Tay Sal

Come to the famous River Tay and be taught how to effectively fish for salmon. The Tay is a perfect teaching ground due to its accessibility from Glasgow and Edinburgh along with is many prime salmon fishing venues. Make 2022 the year that you learn a completely new set of skills.
Saturday 8 July 2023

Scottish Salmon Pools

With the recent low water conditions across Scotland this truly represents a period where you get to observe the magnificent salmon pool formations and differing stream flows and glides.
Thursday 6 July 2023

March Salmon From The Riv

There's no other run of salmon that betters the sheer physical perfection of an early Spring fish from Scotland's famous River Tay. This beauty was caught during the month of March near the Perthshire town of Dunkeld.
Wednesday 5 July 2023

River Dee Guided Salmon F

The famous River Dee is now open for the 2023 salmon fishing season. This is indeed a highly picturesque and famous Scottish fly fishing venue and well worthy of a visit.
Saturday 1 July 2023

River Tay Fishing Days

Book A Fishing Trip
Friday 30 June 2023

Book A River Tay Salmon F

There's nothing that beats the thrill and excitement of catching a perfect early Spring River Tay specimen like this on a fly rod. This scenario is by far the ultimate Scottish rural pursuit challenge.
Tuesday 27 June 2023

The Scottish Salmon Fishi

Scotland has over 400 hundred salmon rivers that are all easily accessible from the major Scottish cities. The big four rivers are the Tay, Dee, Spey and Tweed and all of these venues fish well from early Spring through to late Autumn.
Sunday 25 June 2023

Fishing The River Tay In

Spring salmon fishing in Scotland is the most amazing component of the entire salmon fishing season for many. This is primarily due to the fact that nothing beats the power and beauty of a fresh run Scottish Spring salmon.
Thursday 22 June 2023

Fishing The Beautiful Riv

Look at this for a superb view of Scotland's most famous salmon fishing river. The River Tay is indeed a special salmon fishing venue and thousands of returning salmon fishers ascend on its glorious riverbanks each year.
Tuesday 20 June 2023

Salmon Fishing Trips

Fishing In Scotland has many varying degrees of attraction and for me personally I always liked to see the mood of the river on arrival every morning.
Sunday 11 June 2023

Perfect River Tay Salmon

If you think one of these fine creatures will just somehow magic its way onto your lure of fly then you're mistaken. It takes tact, skill and patience to hook and land a perfect salmon like this and this is easiest achieved under the guidance of a professional salmon fishing guide.
Thursday 8 June 2023

Trust The Professional

Make sure your Scottish salmon fishing trip is optimally planned by someone who's 'walked the walk' in this business and who knows exactly what they're doing. Your timing when visiting any Scottish salmon fishing venue plays a big part in success.
Tuesday 6 June 2023

Catching A Perfect Scotti

There's nothing more satisfying and exciting than having the skill and patience to hook & land a perfect fresh run Spring salmon. The next few weeks of the Scottish salmon fishing season are some of the best of the year due to the perfect condition of our fine Spring fish.
Sunday 4 June 2023

Salmon Fishing Gift Vouch

River Tay Fishing Gift Voucher
Saturday 3 June 2023

Salmon River Magnificence

There's nothing better than wading quietly into a salmon pool with your fly rod on Scotland's famous River Tay knowing fine well that salmon are present and well within casting range.
Saturday 27 May 2023

River Tay Fishing Holiday

If you are looking for a special salmon fishing trip to Scotland allow me to position you on one of the River Tay's most potent running salmon ambush points and also advise on equally lovely local accommodation options.
Friday 26 May 2023

The Spectacular River Tay

The River Tay in beautiful Perthshire is indeed one of Scotland's most famous and consistent salmon fishing destinations. This river fishes from mid January to mid October making it one of the most accessible Scottish salmon rivers of all.
Tuesday 23 May 2023

Planning A Salmon Fishing

Scottish Salmon Fishing advice
Wednesday 17 May 2023

Scottish Salmon Fishing H

If you like the outdoors then it would be a shame to visit Scotland and not take at least one day of your itinerary schedule to enjoy a fascinating day on Scotland's main salmon river with a fly rod in your hand.
Saturday 13 May 2023

Fishing The Beautiful Riv

The River Dee up in Aberdeenshire is indeed another Scottish flagship salmon river which has immense natural beauty. The Dee's boulder strewn riverbanks and fast flowing pool necks create the perfect stepped salmon river terrain for stopping even the hardest running salmon.
Thursday 11 May 2023

The Salmon Rivers Of Scot

There's something truly magical when you're out salmon fishing on the beautiful Scottish salmon fishing rivers. Even when the occasional rain cloud moves in there's still much natural splendour on offer however nothing beats a little bit of sparkling sunlight from time to time.
Wednesday 10 May 2023

Scottish Fishing Holiday

Unleash your appreciation of the great outdoors on a Scottish salmon river with a fly rod in your hand. Nothing beats that scenario especially with the added chance of heart racing contact with the ultimate gamefish of all being a distinct possibility.
Tuesday 9 May 2023

The Perfect Salmon Pool

Each of Scotland's 400 plus salmon rivers have their own individual kind of special magic. None more so that Perthshire's famous River Tay which is Scotland's largest and deepest salmon fishing river. The Tay Valley around the area of Dunkeld & Pitlochry is certainly one of the most desirable salmon fishing areas in the whole of Scotland.
Monday 8 May 2023

The Salmon River Guide

In many parts of the world anglers would not consider fishing unknown water without the professional assistance of a salmon guide. In Scotland your chances of success are significantly increased with a professional salmon guide in attendance.
Saturday 6 May 2023

Perfect Scottish Salmon R

Fly Fish Scotland
Tuesday 2 May 2023

Catching River Tay Spring

The Spring months are certainly some of the most exciting in Scottish salmon fishing due to the quality of a Spring fish and it's cold water fighting ability. Personally I love the Spring months more than any other time of the year and always have done since the 1970's.
Saturday 29 April 2023

Fishing For Tay Springers

Make no mistake about the fact that nothing beats the capture of a fresh run early Spring salmon from Scotland's famous River Tay. These fish are in a league of their own when it comes to beauty & fighting ability in the well oxygenated cold River Tay Spring water.
Thursday 27 April 2023

Salmon Fishing Vacation I

Here's a lovely late Spring shot of an angler out on the River Tay's tributary River Tummel which has always been a great Spring salmon venue. Knowing where to be positioned on the Scottish rivers throughout the long Scottish salmon fishing season is half the battle for success.
Saturday 22 April 2023

Perfect Days On The River

Catching Spring Salmon
Wednesday 19 April 2023

Professional Scottish Sal

The professional Scottish salmon fishing guides are a truly amazing breed of men who have dedicated their lives to the Scottish salmon rivers. They offer information on all aspects of salmon holding information and the migration flight paths during all of the differing water conditions.
Saturday 8 April 2023

Boat Fishing For Salmon

On the bigger Scottish salmon rivers traditional boats are used to cover far distant salmon lies that would be more difficult to effectively fish over from the riverbank.
Wednesday 5 April 2023

Spring River Tay Salmon F

Nothing betters the thrill and excitement of connecting with a super fit fresh run Spring salmon in the gin clear cold water of the Scottish salmon river. This is the time to book an encounter with a perfect fresh run 2022 Spring salmon.
Friday 31 March 2023

Fishing On The Beautiful

The Aberdeenshire River Dee is a beautiful Scottish salmon river which is fed by snowmelt through the Spring and early Summer from the nearby Cairngorm Mountains. This fantastic boulder strewn Scottish river is an absolute fly fisher's paradise.
Saturday 25 March 2023

River Dee Spring Salmon F

The River Dee has started its 2020 salmon fishing season strongly with 22 perfect fresh run salmon to 18lbs in weight being landed in the first 6 fishing days. The area around the Aberdeenshire town of Banchory is holding & producing most of the perfect salmon.
Sunday 19 March 2023

River Tay Spring Salmon F

There's nothing that beats a close up encounter with a Scottish Spring salmon during the beautiful early months of the Scottish salmon fishing season. This is indeed the time for a truly optimal salmon fishing experience.
Friday 17 March 2023

Salmon Fly Fishing In Sco

There's loads to be learned en route to becoming an effective catcher of wild Atlantic salmon on the Scottish rivers. Book a professional salmon guide to fast track you through the learning curve.
Wednesday 15 March 2023

Fresh Run Scottish Salmon

Nothing compares to the heart racing buzz that goes hand in hand with an encounter with a fresh run Scottish salmon. This thrill is heightened by the sound of a rapidly unwinding fly reel and buckling fly rod!
Friday 10 March 2023

Scottish March Salmon

This month has always been a firm favourite salmon fishing time of the year for me and I recall many heavyweight salmon captures that all appeared during the last 2 weeks of March. This run of pristine heavyweight salmon is still very much present in the Scottish rivers and especially in the River Tay.